Solid pesticide compositions

ABSTRACT

Solid phytosanitary compositions compacted into single doses for agricultural application and intended to be progressively disintegrated by contact with a stream of water and containing at least one active pesticide, at least non non-hydrophilid filler, and at least one wetting agent, dispersant or deflocculant, and a large quantity of a solid, water-insoluble disintegrating agent, such as starch.

This is a division, of application Ser. No. 594,856, filed July 10, 1975, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,440 issued June 6, 1978.

This invention relates to solid pesticide compositions for agriculturalapplication which are intended to be progressively disintegrated bycontact with a stream of water.

More particularly, the invention relates to solid pesticide compositionsfor use in the treatment of amateur gardens by a new method which, sofar as the user is concerned, eliminates the need for any complicatedand/or dangerous handling of pesticides.

The treatment of trees, vegetables or flowers growing in amateur gardensinvolves specific problems due to a certain level of ignorance amongamateur gardeners of the potential dangers presented by phytosanitaryproducts.

The plants treated, in respect of which it is essential to keep to thestipulated doses on account of the phytotoxicity phenomena to whichexcessive doses can give rise, are the primary concern because, veryoften, the amateur gardener has a tendency to increase the dose in thehope of obtaining a better effect whereas, in fact, increased doses cancause irreparable damage to the plants.

Another disadvantage of overdosage is the release into the atmosphere ofexcessive quantities of pesticides which are incompatible withprotection of the environment and with legislation on the use ofpesticides.

Another danger, this time involving the user, is the need for difficultmanipulation of small quantities of more or less toxic products whichvery often are in the form of extremely fine powders which are readilyblown away by wind and, for this reason, are difficult and, in somecases, dangerous to handle.

Accordingly, it is extremely important for these three reasons todevelop and make available to amateur gardeners formulations and deviceswhich eliminate the disadvantages referred to above.

The present invention responds to this need by providing a formulationin the form of single compact doses.

This type of formulation eliminates the dangers of overdosage but, togive satisfaction, it must be uniformly disintegrable in dependence uponthe volume of water with which it is brought into contact. In otherwords, the quantity of disintegrated material must be substantiallyproportional to the volume of water.

This effect is obtained in known manner in the pharmaceutical industryin the form of tablets which are obtained by the compression of a powderwith various additives, especially binders. However, they cannot be usedfor the application of pesticides to plants on account of the very smallquantities of disintegrated material per liter of disintegrating liquid,because the active material has to be applied to the plants inquantities sufficient to obtain the required effect.

The invention provides a solution to this problem. The invention relatesto solid, compact, pesticide compositions for agricultural applicationwhich are intended to be progressively disintegrated by contact with astream of water and which are distinguished by the fact that theycontain, in addition to the active phytosanitary materials and,optionally, wetting agents and/or dispersants of the type normally usedin the production of wettable powders, a solid water-insolubledisintegrating agent. If the wettable powder is intended to contain asolid filler, the filler used should not have hydrophilic properties.

In the context of the invention, a solid non-hydrophilic filler is apowder-form solid without any tendency to hydrate in aqueous medium,because a composition containing a hydrophilic filler in contact withwater gives a tacky paste which slows down disintegration to aconsiderable extent.

In the context of the invention, a "phytosanitary active material" isessentially a herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, growth regulator,bactericide or fertilizer which may be applied to plants or seeds.According to the invention, the compositions may contain one or moreactive materials which, together, may represent a few percent to 80% byweight of the composition.

In the context of the invention, the solid disintegrating agent shouldbe insoluble in water which does not mean that it should not behydratable or swellable in water. This is the case with starches basedon such vegetables as corn, rice, potatoes, which give good results,although maize starch is preferred. However, this list is by no meanscomplete and it is possible to use compounds with an equivalent functiondue, for example, to a polyholoside structure similar to that of starch.

The disintegrating agent must be present in a sufficient quantity toinsure that the rate of disintegration, i.e. the quantity of solidactive material disintegrated per liter of water, is high enough toenable the plants to be effectively treated.

By contrast, an excess of this additive causes excessively rapiddisintegration. Generally, quantities of from 20% to 60% by weight ofthe composition are perfectly suitable. However, this is by no meanslimitative and quantities outside these limits may be used provided thatan adequate rate of disintegration, for example approximately 2 to 15g/l, is obtained.

In order to prepare the compositions according to the invention, amixture of one or more active phytosanitary materials (herbicides,growth regulators, insecticides, fungicides) in solid form, i.e., eitherthe active material alone if it is solid, or impregnated on a solid,inert support if it is liquid, is mixed with the additives, wettingagents, dispersants of the type commonly used in the production ofwettable powders, and with the non-hydrophilic filler and thedisintegrating agent described above. The mixture is homogenized andthen compressed into tablets or pellets of the required shape under apressure in the range from 50 to 1000 kg/cm² and preferably under apressure in the range from 100 to 600 kg/cm².

The compositions according to the invention are preferably prepared intwo stages: in the first stage, the active materials, additives andfillers are mixed, optionally with grinding or micronization, and in thesecond stage the premix thus obtained is in turn mixed with thedisintegrating agent in the absence of any grinding effect. In this way,the shape of the starch grains is not altered by deformation orfragmentation which, as will be seen in the examples, considerablyimproves the concentration of active material in the sprayed liquid andthe uniformity of the disintegration rate.

The compact compositions according to the invention may be used in theform of cartridges in appliances of, for example, the long-barrel spraygun type used by amateur gardeners, comprising a mixing device in whichthe stream of water comes into contact with the suitably shaped surfaceof the composition during the compression stroke.

Devices of this type may vary according to whether the compactcomposition or cartridge has a variable or constant disintegrationsurface.

One example of a device of the first type is the device described inGerman Pat. No. 1,211,603, while the device described in French Pat. No.74.19,647 is an example of the second type of device.

The following examples illustrate the compositions according to theinvention and the process for their preparation

EXAMPLE 1

An insecticide mixture with the following composition (by weight) isprepared:

    ______________________________________                                        Malathion: 5-(1,2-di-[ethoxycarbonyl]-ethyl)-                                  dimethyl-phosphorothiolothionate                                                                      15%                                                  Lindane (γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane)                                                      4%                                                   maize starch             30%                                                  talcum                   24.5%                                                kaolin                   4%                                                   absorbent silica         13%                                                  naphthalene sulphonate (wetting agent)                                                                 3.2%                                                 condensate of 10 molecules of ethylene oxide                                   with nonyl phenol (wetting agent)                                                                     0.3%                                                 calcium lignosulphate (deflocculant)                                                                   3%                                                   sodium isopropyl naphthalene sulphonate                                        (dispersant)            3%                                                   ______________________________________                                    

The malathion, being liquid, is first applied by impregnation to thesilica. The mixture of active materials, starch and additives ishomogenized for 30 minutes in a paddle mixer and then compressed under apressure of 125 bars into cylindrical pellets weighing approximately 10g. Five of these pellets are successively introduced into the magazineof a mixing device connected to a spray nozzle of the type described inFrench Patent Application No. 74.19,647, in which the pesticidecartridge has a constant disintegration surface. The device is connectedto a running water supply, followed by spraying in fractions of 500 mlinto a graduated vessel.

The test is repeated three times, which substantially corresponds toexhaustion of the cartridge. The contents of each vessel are evaporatedand the dry extract weighed.

The following results are obtained in this way, representing an averagevalue based on the five cartridges.

    ______________________________________                                                    Weight of solid                                                                             Ratio of weight to                                  Volume of water                                                                           material collected                                                                          volume (disintegra-                                 collected in ml                                                                           in g          tion rate in g/l                                    ______________________________________                                         500        2.7           5.40                                                1000        5.3           5.30                                                1500        8.2           5.45                                                2000        10.5          5.25                                                ______________________________________                                    

This table shows, on the one hand, the high level of uniformity of thequantity of solid material disintegrated per volume of water and, on theother hand, that the disintegration rate amounts to between 5 and 5.5g/l.

EXAMPLE 2

A fungicide mixture with the following composition (by weight) isprepared:

    ______________________________________                                        dicofol (2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-di-(4-chlorophenyl)-                              ethanol)                 12%                                                 rice starch               30%                                                 talcum                    42%                                                 sodium naphthalene sulphonate                                                                           2%                                                  potassium isopropyl naphthalene sulphonate                                                              3%                                                  kaolin                    3%                                                  absorbent silica          8%                                                  ______________________________________                                    

The mixture is homogenized, compressed and tested in the same way as inthe preceding example. The results obtained are set out in the followingtable:

    ______________________________________                                                    Weight of solid                                                                             Ratio of weight to                                  Volume of water                                                                           material collected                                                                          volume (disintegra-                                 collected in ml                                                                           in g          tion rate in g/l)                                   ______________________________________                                         500        1.9           3.8                                                 1000        3.4           3.4                                                 1500        5.6           3.7                                                 2000        7.8           3.9                                                 ______________________________________                                    

In this case, the quantity of material disintegrated amounts to between3.5 and 4 g/l, disintegration taking place with a high level ofuniformity.

EXAMPLE 3

A fungicide mixture with the following composition (by weight) isprepared:

    ______________________________________                                        manebe (manganese ethylene-1,2-bis-dithio-                                     carbamate)               47%                                                 benomyl (methyl-N-(1-n . butyl carbamoyl-2-benz-                               imidazole)-carbamate)    6%                                                  potato starch             39%                                                 glucose                   5%                                                  isopropyl naphthalene sulphonate                                                                        2%                                                  naphthalene sulphonate    1%                                                  ______________________________________                                    

The mixture is homogenized and then compressed under a pressure of 165bars. The pellets obtained are then tested in the same way as inExample 1. The results obtained are set out in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                                    Weight of solid                                                                             Ratio of weight to                                  Volume of water                                                                           material collected                                                                          volume (disintegra-                                 collected in ml                                                                           in g          tion rate in g/l)                                   ______________________________________                                         500        2.6           5.2                                                 1000        5.5           5.5                                                 1500        8.3           5.55                                                2000        10.8          5.4                                                 ______________________________________                                    

This table shows that the disintegration rate amounts to around 5.3 g/lwith a high level of uniformity.

EXAMPLE 4

The influence of grinding upon the disintegration rate is illustrated bythe following test:

Three separate fungicide formulations with the following commoncomposition (by weight) are prepared:

    ______________________________________                                        manebe (manganese-ethylene-bis-dithio-                                         carbamate), 85% commercial grade                                                                       23.5%                                               triturated sulphur        30.0%                                               maize starch              21.5%                                               talcum                    25%                                                 ______________________________________                                    

These formulations, designated F₁, F₂ and F₃, are prepared in twostages, the first stage being common and comprising mixing the manebe,the sulphur and the talcum in a blade mixer. In a second stage, thepremix is in turn mixed for 30 minutes with maize starch

in a micronizer in the case of F₁ (95% of the particles smaller than 10microns),

in an Alpine type mill in the case of F₂ (95% of the particles smallerthan 50 microns),

in a simple paddle mixer in the case of F₃ (particle size not reduced).

Each of these compositions is then converted under a pressure of 487bars into compact cylindrical cartridges 28 mm in diameter each weighing20 grams.

These cartridges are then covered by thermoforming in vacuo with an 80microns thick polyethylene film and introduced into a spray gun foramateur gardeners of the type described in French Patent Application74.19,657 in such a way that the disintegration surface is constant. Thespray gun is connected to a water supply under a pressure of 3 bars soas to obtain a throughput of about 0.4 to 0.5 liter/minute. The waterinlet is opened by means of a trigger so that the cartridge isdisintegrated and the disintegrated substance sprayed in the form of afine mist. The average volume required to exhaust the cartridge and thestandard deviation in liters for a series of tests are then determined,each figure being the average result of 8 tests.

The results are set out in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                                 Mean volume                                                                              Standard deviation                                                                          Throughput                                  Formulation                                                                            in liters  in liters     l/minute                                    ______________________________________                                        F.sub.1  4.32       0.44          0.42                                        F.sub.2  2.87       0.38          0.44                                        F.sub.3  2.07       0.20          0.44                                        ______________________________________                                    

This table clearly shows that, at a constant throughput, formulation F₁containing micronized starch requires a disintegration volume more than1.5 times greater than that required for formulation F₂ and more thantwice that required for formulation F₃. In other words, for the samecomposition, formulation F₃ enables twice the quantity of activematerial to be applied to the plant which is of particular advantage forgardening formulations which, since they are often of a multipurposecharacter, have to contain more active material.

In addition, notation of the standard deviation shows that the reductionand, a fortiori, the absence of a grinding effect during mixing of thestarch with the premix of active materials considerably improves theuniformity of disintegration.

These results show that, according to the invention, it is importantthat the starch grains should not be fragmented by grinding.Accordingly, the apparatus used for mixing the active materials andstarch must be able to carry out this operation without altering theshape and size of the grains.

Similar results were obtained with the following compositions:

EXAMPLE 5 Combined insecticide/fungicide composition

    ______________________________________                                        85% commercial-grade manebe                                                                              23.5                                               triturated sulphur         30.0                                               commercial-grade 5-(6-chloro-2-oxobenz-                                        oxazolin-3-yl)-methyl diethyl phosphorothiol-                                 thionate (phosalone)      6.0                                                talcum                     12.5                                               maize starch               28.0                                                                          100.0                                              mean volume: 1.99 l, standard deviation: 0.14 l                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 6 Insecticide composition

    ______________________________________                                        commercial-grade phosalone                                                                             6.0                                                  absorbent synthetic silica                                                                             6.0                                                  kaolin colored by methylene blue                                                                       3.0                                                  talcum                   35.0                                                 rice starch              50.0                                                                          100.0                                                mean volume: 2.06 l, standard deviation: 0.15 l                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 7 Fungicide composition

    ______________________________________                                        83% commercial-grade 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-di-                                   (4-chlorophenyl)-ethanol (dicofol)                                                                      5.9                                                absorbent synthetic silica 4.1                                                kaolin colored with methylene blue                                                                       32.0                                               maize starch               55.0                                                                          100.0                                              mean volume: 1.92 l, standard deviation: 0.12 l                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 8 Combined insecticide/fungicide composition

    ______________________________________                                        γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane),                             95% commercial-grade      2.3                                                85% commercial-grade methyl-1-naphthyl                                         carbamate (carbaryl)      8.9                                                zinc ethylene-1,2-bis-dithiocarbamate                                          (zinebe), 93%             21.5                                               triturated sulphur         30.0                                               talcum                     10.0                                               potato starch              27.3                                                                          100.0                                              mean volume: 2.05 l, standard deviation: 0.09 l                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 9 Fungicide composition for vine

    ______________________________________                                        copper oxychloride containing 53% of                                           copper metal              28.0                                               93% commercial-grade zenebe                                                                              5.4                                                85% commercial-grade manebe                                                                              5.9                                                talcum                     10.0                                               corn starch                50.7                                                                          100.0                                              means volume: 3.80 l, standard deviation: 0.15 l                              ______________________________________                                    

In this case, the cartridges weigh 40 grams but are otherwise identical.

EXAMPLE 10 Selective herbicide for the treatment of grass

    ______________________________________                                        sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid                                (2,4-D)                    5.5                                                sodium salt of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy propionic                             acid                       22.0                                               maize starch               41.0                                               talcum                     31.5                                                                          100.0                                              ______________________________________                                    

A 40 g cartridge disintegrating into 4 liters enables 40 square metersof grass to be treated. mean disintegration volume: 3.90 l, standarddeviation: 0.2 l.

EXAMPLE 11 Selective herbicide for the treatment of grass

    ______________________________________                                        sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic                                     acid                       11.0                                               kaolin                     3.0                                                talcum                     35.5                                               maize starch               50.0                                                                          100.0                                              ______________________________________                                    

A 20 g cartridge disintegrating into 2 liters enables 20 square metersof grass to be treated. average disintegration volume: 2.06 l, standarddeviation: 0.1 l.

EXAMPLE 12 Fertilizer for leaf application

    ______________________________________                                        diammonium phosphate     4.05                                                 urea                     2.10                                                 potassium nitrate        3.67                                                 oligoelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn)                                                              0.18                                                 starch                   20.0                                                 talcum                   70.0                                                                          100.0                                                ______________________________________                                    

A 20 g cartridge disintegrates on average into 2.15 liters with astandard deviation of 0.2 l.

These examples are intended to illustrate insecticide and/or fungicideor herbicide compositions, although compositions with agrowth-regulating effect on plants and, in addition, the same propertiesas the compositions described also form part of the invention.

The compositions of Examples 5 to 12 do not contain any wetting agentand/or dispersant and/or flocculant, because experience has shown thatthese additives are not indispensable and are only useful when theactive material is extremely hydrophobic.

These examples illustrate the remarkable properties of the compositionsaccording to the invention, namely their ability to disintegrateuniformly at an adequate disintegration rate.

These compositions may thus be used with a variety of phytosanitaryactive materials for the treatment or cultures of all kinds, moreespecially trees, vegetables and flowers.

This application, combining simplicity, convenience and safety both forthe user and for the plant, makes the compositions particularly suitablefor the treatment of ameteur gardens.

We claim:
 1. The method for treating plants with a phytosanitarymaterial selected from the group consisting of an herbicide,insecticide, fungicide, growth regulator, bactericide and fertilizer,comprising applying water onto the plants from a stream of water,passing the stream of water, immediately prior to application onto theplants, into contact with a solid compact containing a few to 80% byweight of said phytosanitary material selected from the group consistingof an herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, growth regulator andfertilizer, a solid non-hydrophilic filler and 20-60% by weight of asolid water insoluble starch whereby the compact disintegratesprogressively into the stream of water to release said phytosanitarymaterial into the stream for application onto the plants.
 2. The methodas claimed in claim 1 in which the starch is selected from the groupconsisting of maize, corn, rice and potato starch.
 3. The method asclaimed in claim 1 in which the water is sprayed from the stream ontothe plants.
 4. The method as claimed in claim 1 in which talcum is themajor portion of the non-hydrophilic filler.